ANNOUNCER:Section 1, you will hear a man telephoning a library to find out about joining.First, you have some time to look at questions 1 to 5.You will see that there is an example which has been done for you.On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.

LIBRARIAN:Good morning, North College Library.How can I help you?

MAN:I was wondering if it was possible to join the library.

LIBRARIAN:Are you a student at North College?

MAN:No, I'm not, but someone told me it was possible to join, even if I wasn't.

LIBRARIAN:That's right, it is.Are you over eighteen?That's our minimum joining age.

MAN:Yes, I am.

ANNOUNCER:The minimum joining age is 18, so 18 years has been written in the space.Now we shall begin.You should answer the questions as you listen, because you will not hear the recording a second time.Listen carefully, and answer questions 1 to 5.

LIBRARIAN:Good morning, North College Library.How can I help you?

MAN:I was wondering if it was possible to join the library.

LIBRARIAN:Are you a student at North College?

MAN:No, I'm not, but someone told me it was possible to join, even if I wasn't.

LIBRARIAN:That's right, it is.Are you over 18?That's our minimum joining age.

MAN:Yes, I am.

LIBRARIAN:That's no problem then.

MAN:Could you tell me what I have to do to join?

LIBRARIAN:Well, you'll need to come into the library, and fill out some forms.You'll also need to bring 2 passport photos with you.We also need 2 documents for ID, so a driving license would be fine.

MAN:I've got that and what else?Uh. Credit card?

LIBRARIAN:No, it needs to have your address on it.

MAN:Shall I bring a bank statement?Would that do?

LIBRARIAN:That'll be fine.

MAN:Good.Does it cost anything to join?

LIBRARIAN:Well, it's free for students here, but otherwise it's £125 per year, or £25 if you've got a current student card from another college.

MAN:I was at Westerly College until last year, but now I've got a job at Jefferson's steel factory.Uh. It's more expensive than I thought.My local library is free.

LIBRARIAN:But you'll find they don't have the range of reference books or facilities which we buy for our students.That's why you have to pay to be an external member.

MAN:I see.Um. How many books can I borrow?

LIBRARIAN:We allow 12 items borrowed at any one time if you're a student, and that includes CDs, DVDs and videos.However, it's only 8 items for members of the public.

MAN:Fine.And how long can I have them for?

LIBRARIAN:Well, you can have both fiction and reference books for 4 weeks, which isn't bad really.

MAN:And what happens if I return them late?

LIBRARIAN:Like all libraries, there's a fine system in place.The minimum fine is £1.50, but it can be much higher for some items, up to £5 per week.We'll give you a booklet with all the details when you join.You can always renew items if they're not required by anyone else, by telephoning or logging onto our website.

ANNOUNCER:Before you hear the rest of the telephone call, you have some time to look at questions 6 to 10.Now listen and answer questions 6 to 10.

MAN:What about the computers?Can I use them free of charge?

LIBRARIAN:For college students, it's free, but for external members like yourself, the first hour is free, and then we make a nominal charge of £1 per hour thereafter.

MAN:Do I have to book in advance for them?

LIBRARIAN:Oh, yes, it's advisable.Most people tend to book 24 hours in advance, although sometimes you can get one with only six hours notice.However, the earliest you can book a computer is 48 hours before you need it, and you can only book one hour at a time. If no-one else has booked the computer out, then you may be able to have another hour if you want.We have a wide range of databases, so the computers are in great demand.

MAN:I'm thinking of doing some writing, and I might need to access national newspapers.Do you have them on these databases?

LIBRARIAN:We do indeed.We've got all the big nationals, The Guardian and The Observer, The Independent,and The Times and Sunday Times.We've also got all the local papers, and a wide selection of magazines.

MAN:Excellent.Um. I assume you have photocopying facilities.

LIBRARIAN:Of course. 5p (5 pence) a sheet for both A4 and A3 black-and-white copies, and 40p (40 pence) a sheet for color.You can get a card from the counter here, it doesn't take coins.

MAN:OK.Oh, by the way, another thing I was wondering about was if you ran any writing classes through the library.

LIBRARIAN:We do, but you'll have to speak to John Grantingham about that.He's our resident author, he runs the creative writing classes.

MAN:John Grant, uh, could you spell that for me, please?

LIBRARIAN:Certainly.GRANTINGHAM.

MAN:Are the classes here at the library?

LIBRARIAN:Yes, he's here on Thursday evenings.Oh.No, sorry, Friday, he's just changed it.You can contact him by emailing the library.

MAN:OK, right.Well, that's about all I need to know.Thank you.I'll be along later this week to join.Thanks.Bye.

ANNOUNCER:That is the end of section 1.You now have half a minute to check your answers.

ANNOUNCER:Section 2, you will hear a man called Dan Pearman talking on the radio about Pedal Power, a UK charity which sends bicycles to people in developing countries.First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 15.Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 15.

DAN PEARMAN:My name is Dan Pearman, and I'd like to talk about the work of Pedal Power, a small charity based mainly in the UK.I'll be giving our contact details at the end, if anyone would like to find out more about how to support us.But first, how the charity began.I got the idea of exporting bicycles to developing countries while I was in Ecuador.I went there in 1993 just after graduating from university.After three years of studying, I wanted adventure.I love traveling, so I decided to join a voluntary organization, and was sent to Ecuador to carry out land surveys.The project came to an end after five years, and when I returned to the UK in 1998 I started planning Pedal Power.Where I lived in Ecuador was a very rural area.My neighbor had the only bicycle in the village, whereas everyone else walked everywhere.My neighbor's business was unusually successful.And for years, I couldn't understand why.Then I realized having a bike meant he could get where he wanted to go without much trouble.Other local carpenters could only accept jobs in a 3 kilometer radius.So no matter how skilled they were, they could never do as many jobs as my neighbor.At Pedal Power, we collect second-hand bikes in the UK, and send them to some of the poorest regions in the world.When we distribute bikes overseas, we don't give them away for free.We'd like to, but long term that doesn't really help the local economy.The demand for bikes is enormous.Which makes them very expensive locally, so we sell them for 5% of the normal price.But in order to continue operating, we need to have a constant supply of bikes which we send out every six months.One example of a town that's received bicycles from Pedal Power is Rivas.It was the first place I sent a full container of bicycles to.Most people there now own a bicycle.The local economy has developed so much, you wouldn't recognize it as the same place.In fact, there are more bikes than on the streets of Amsterdam, if you've ever been there.Pedal Power still needs your help.You may have read about some of our recent problems in the British media.In August 2000 we simply ran out of money.We had containers of bikes ready to send, but no money to pay the bills.It was a terrible situation.We managed to ensure the bikes went out on time.But the other problems carried on for several months.

ANNOUNCER:Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 16 to 20.Now listen and answer questions 16 to 20.

DAN PEARMAN:Fortunately in October 2001, we won an Enterprise Award, which helped us enormously.We invested fifteen of the seventy-five-thousand-pound prize money.To help secure our future.Winning the award helped raise our profile, and the money enabled us to pay all our shipping costs, which represent our greatest expense.Pedal Power changes lives.When someone gets a bicycle from us, they see a 14% increase in their income.We're currently looking to invest in computers so that our office staff can do an even better job.Because of our work, people in a number of countries now have a better standard of living.So far, we've provided 46,000 people with bikes, but would like to send more.At least 50,000 by the end of the year.Now, there are many ways in which you can support the work of Pedal Power, not just by taking a bike to a collection in your area.I should also like to say, if you do have a bike to donate.It doesn't matter what condition it's in.If we can't repair it, we'll strip it down for spare parts.Of course, to do that, we always need tools which are expensive to buy.So we welcome any that you can give.Also, you could help by contacting the voluntary staff at our offices.They'll be able to suggest activities you could organize to bring in funds for us.People do all kinds of things, including of course sponsored bike rides.Also, we're always interested to hear of other places that would benefit from receiving a consignment of bikes, and welcome suggestions from people who've been to developing regions on their travels.We hope that by talking on radio programs like this, we will be able to raise public awareness, which will lead to government organizations also giving us regular financial support.Something that we really need.If you'd like some more information about where to donate an old bicycle or offer help in other ways, please contact us on...

ANNOUNCER:That is the end of Section 2.You now have half a minute to check your answers.

ANNOUNCER:Section 3, you will hear a discussion between a college tutor and two students, Cristina and Ibrahim.First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 26.Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 26.

TUTOR:First of all, I'd just like to say to Cristina and Ibrahim that I really enjoyed watching your video about student life last week, and I could see that the rest of the group did too.You did really well, and I hope that you got a lot out of it.I'd like to use this tutorial as a feedback session where you reflect on the experience of doing the project.So, Cristina, I was wondering what you enjoyed most about making the video?

CRISTINA:I liked using the camera.

TUTOR:Is it the first time you've operated one like that?

CRISTINA:Yes, it is.

TUTOR:Well, the results were very good.Anything else?

CRISTINA:I also enjoyed visiting one of the British students we filmed.I'd never been inside a British home before.

TUTOR:OK, Cristina, thanks.Uh. What about you, Ibrahim?What did you enjoy?

IBRAHIM:Well, for me, it was a very good chance to get to know students who are on other courses, because everyone in our group is studying English, and we don't usually have much to do with the rest of the college.

TUTOR:Yes, good.Do you think you'll maintain the contact now?

IBRAHIM:Well, I hope so.I've invited 3 of them to have dinner with me next week.

TUTOR:Great.If you haven't decided what to make yet, I can tell you they'll love trying Arab dishes.And of course, it's good for your English too.And Cristina, what did you find?What was the most useful aspect of the project from the point of view of the English practice?

CRISTINA:I think when we were being shown how to edit the film, we had to follow the instructions, and that was very good practice for me, and I also learned some technical words that I hadn't heard before.

TUTOR:What about you, Ibrahim?What was the most useful for your English?

IBRAHIM:It was listening to the British students, because they don't speak as slowly as most of the tutors on our course.I think they speak at natural speed, so it forces me to get used to it, and they use a lot of slang.

TUTOR:So you learned some new words which will be useful.

IBRAHIM:Yes.

TUTOR:Good, I'm glad it helped.Well, we've talked a little bit about enjoyment and about language practice.Were there any other benefits?What else did you feel you'd learnt from the project?Was it useful in other ways?

CRISTINA:Yes, well, firstly I learned how to use a video camera.And also I think I really learned a lot about working together with other people.I've never done anything with a group before, and we had to find ways of cooperating, um, and compromising, and sometimes persuading people when they don't agree with you.

TUTOR:Yes.That is a very useful experience I know.

ANNOUNCER:Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 27 to 30.Now listen and answer questions 27 to 30.

TUTOR:What about you, Ibrahim?

IBRAHIM:Well, I think I learned a lot about how important editing is.When you're filming, you think that everything is going to be interesting, but in fact we cut around half of it in the end, and then it was much better.

TUTOR:Good.Well, one last thing I'd like to ask.What mistakes do you think you, as a group that is, made?I mean to put it another way, if you had to do it all over again, is there anything you'd do differently?

CRISTINA:We didn't plan very well, for example, we didn't decide on dates when we'd complete each separate step of the project.And we should have agreed about that in the beginning, because we were always late with everything.

TUTOR:Right.Anything else?

CRISTINA:Hmm. I think we should have tried to experiment more with the camera.I mean with angles and the focus and that kind of thing.

TUTOR:So you should have been more ambitious.Do you agree, Ibrahim?

IBRAHIM:Not really.In fact, I think we were too ambitious.We were inexperienced, and we didn't have a lot of time, and we tried to do too much, to make a long film.Hmm. Next time I would make a shorter one, and try to get the quality better.

TUTOR:Well, that's very interesting.Next semester we will be doing another video project - with a different content, of course - but you'll have an opportunity to put into practice what you've learned this time.Hmm. Do you have any ideas about a different...

ANNOUNCER:That is the end of section 3.You now have half a minute to check your answers.

ANNOUNCER:Section 4, you will hear a talk about scientific research in the continent of Antarctica.First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.Now listen carefully, and answer questions 31 to 40.

SPEAKER:Tonight I'm going to talk to you about that remarkable continent, Antarctica.Remote, hostile, and at present uninhabited on a permanent basis.For early explorers, it was the ultimate survival contest.For researchers like me, it remains a place of great intellectual challenge, while for the modern tourist, it's simply a wilderness of great beauty.First, some facts and figures.Antarctica is a place of extremes, the highest, coldest and windiest continent, and over 58 times the size of the UK.The ice cap contains almost 70% of the world's fresh water, and 90% of its ice.But with very low snowfall, most of the continent technically falls unbelievably into the category of desert.Huge icebergs break off the continent each year, while in winter, half the surrounding ocean freezes over, which means its size almost doubles.Research and exploration has been going on in Antarctica for more than 200 years, and has involved scientists from many different countries who work together on research stations.Here science and technical support have been integrated in a very cost-effective way.Our Antarctic research program has several summers-only stations, and two all-year-round ones.I was based on one of the all year round ones.The research stations are really self-contained communities of about 20 people.There's living and working space, a kitchen with a huge food store.A small hospital and a well-equipped gym to ensure everyone keeps fit in their spare time.The station generates its own electricity.And communicates with the outside world using a satellite link.Our station - Zero One - had some special features.It wasn't built on land, but on an ice-shelf, hundreds of meters thick.Supplies were brought to us on large sledges from a ship 15 km away at the ice edge.Living in the Antarctic hasn't always been so comfortable.Snow build-ups caused enormous problems for four previous stations on the same site.Which were buried and finally crushed by the weight.Fortunately no one was hurt, but these buildings became a huge challenge to architects.Who finally came up with a remarkable solution.The buildings are placed on platforms, which can be raised above the changing snow level on legs which are extendable.Food is one of the most important aspects of survival in a polar climate.People living there need to obtain a lot more energy from their food, both to keep warm, and to undertake heavy physical work.Maybe you know that an adult in the UK will probably need about 1,700 kilocalories a day on average.Someone in Antarctica will need about 3,500 just over double.This energy is provided by foods which are high in carbohydrate and fat.Rations for field work present an additional problem.They need to provide maximum energy, but they must also be compact and light for easy transport.Special boxes are prepared, each containing enough food for one person for 20 days.You may be familiar with coffee processed by freeze-drying.Which preserves the quality of the food product while making a large saving in weight.Well, this type of presentation is ideal in our situation.It wasn't available to earlier polar explorers, whose diet was commonly insufficient for their health.I think that being at the cutting edge of science has a special appeal for everyone working in Antarctica, in whatever capacity.As a marine biologist, my own research was fascinating, but it's perhaps climate change research that is the most crucial field of study.Within this general field, surveying changes in the volume and stability of the ice cap is vital, since these may have profound effects on world sea levels.And on ocean currents.A second important area is monitoring the size of the hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica, since this is an indicator of global ultraviolet radiation levels.Thirdly, bubbles in the ice sheet itself provide an index of pollution, because frozen inside them are samples of previous atmospheres over the past 500,000 years.And these provide us with evidence for the effects of such human activities as agriculture and industry.There are an increasing number of opportunities for young people to work for a period in Antarctica, not only as research assistants in projects like mine.But also in a wide range of junior administrative and technical positions, including vacancies for mapmakers.I hope that the insights I've provided will encourage you to take up these opportunities in this fascinating continent.

ANNOUNCER:That is the end of Section 4.You now have half a minute to check your answers.